clk2基因在结肠腺癌患者中的表达变化及其对结肠腺癌细胞功能的调控-凯发国际一触即发

clk2基因在结肠腺癌患者中的表达变化及其对结肠腺癌细胞功能的调控
changes in clk2 gene expression in patients with colon adenocarcinoma and its regulation of colon adenocarcinoma cell function
doi: , , html, ,    国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 李天翔*, 赵 程, 王 昆#:青岛大学转化医学研究院,山东 青岛;王 霞:陆军军医大学西南医院神经外科,重庆
关键词: ;;;;;;;
摘要: 目的:评估不同阶段结肠腺癌患者中cdc样激酶2 (clk2)基因的表达,以及clk2在结肠腺癌细胞中的表达变化和clk2所介导的细胞功能。方法:在timer数据库和gepia数据库分析clk2在健康与不同肿瘤组织中的表达水平,找到差异性表达显著的肿瘤类型。分析tcga数据库中各个阶段结肠腺癌患者组织中clk2的表达水平变化。使用rt-qpcr和western blot方法检测了clk2基因在肿瘤组织和细胞系中的表达变化。在敲低clk2的条件下,使用western blot方法检测细胞增殖标志物和细胞周期标志物的表达。最后,使用string工具分析与clk2基因相关性较强的多个关键基因。结果:结肠腺癌组织中的clk2基因表达显著升高(p < 0.001),并且clk2基因的高表达与结肠腺癌的临床特征(病理分期,t分期)显著相关(p < 0.05)。clk2基因在结肠腺癌细胞中表达升高,敲低clk2的表达能够有效抑制细胞增殖和细胞周期。最后检测到clk3、clk1、srsf12等基因是clk2基因的潜在结合靶点。结论:clk2基因的表达水平与结肠腺癌发生的进程显著相关,降低clk2基因的表达,有望成为结肠腺癌患者治疗的新方式。
abstract: objective: to assess cdc-like kinase 2 (clk2) gene expression in patients with different stages of colon adenocarcinoma, as well as changes in clk2 expression in colon adenocarcinoma cells and cellular functions mediated by clk2. methods: screening for clk2 differentially expressed tumor types in the timer database and the gepia database. detection of clk2 gene changes with colon adenocarcinoma tumor stage in the tcga database. changes in clk2 gene expression in tumor tissues and cell lines were detected using rt-qpcr and western blot methods. the expressions of cell proliferation markers and cell cycle markers were detected using western blot method under the condition of knocking down clk2. finally, multiple key genes with strong correlation with clk2 gene were analyzed using string tool. results: clk2 gene expression was significantly elevated in colon adenocarcinoma tissues (p < 0.001), and the high expression of clk2 gene was significantly correlated with the clinical features of colon adenocarcinoma (pathological stage, t stage) (p < 0.05). clk2 gene expression is elevated in colon adenocarcinoma cells, and knockdown of clk2 expression can effectively inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle. finally, clk3, clk1, srsf12 and other genes are potential binding targets of clk2 gene. conclusion: the expression level of the clk2 gene is significantly correlated with the progression of colon adenocarcinoma, and decreasing the expression of the clk2 gene is expected to be a new approach to the treatment of patients with colon adenocarcinoma.
文章引用:李天翔, 王霞, 赵程, 王昆. clk2基因在结肠腺癌患者中的表达变化及其对结肠腺癌细胞功能的调控[j]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(11): 826-835.

1. 引言

结肠腺癌是一种常见的消化系统癌症,属于结直肠癌的其中一种类型。早期结肠腺癌能够通过手术、辅助放疗或化疗的方式治愈,但对人体的损害非常巨大[1] [2]。此外,结肠组织中散播大量癌细胞,这导致结肠腺癌极难根除。为了保障患者的生命,开发新的治疗手段很有必要。近年来,分子治疗和靶向递送技术兴起,为结肠腺癌的治疗提供新的思路[3]-[5]。分析结肠腺癌发生的分子机制,找寻高效的治疗靶点,有望提高患者的生存率,减少患者的痛苦,改善患者的预后[6] [7]。多数结肠腺癌患者被诊断时都已处于晚期,癌细胞容易向其他部位转移。晚期患者和癌细胞远处转移的患者,5年生存率仅为13%。为了进一步延长患者的生存时间,阐明结肠腺癌发生的分子机制,确定早期诊断和预测的生物标志物,在临床上有迫切的需求[8] [9]

cdc样激酶(clk)家族激酶是一组保守的双特异性激酶,能够磷酸化蛋白质的丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸残基[10]。clk家族激酶包括四种亚型,即clk1,clk2,clk3,clk4。这四种亚型编码的蛋白质在c端具有高度保守的基因序列,参与蛋白质磷酸化的发生,从而参与细胞间信号传递[11] [12]。已有研究表明,clk2的过表达会缩短细胞周期长度,促进细胞的增殖[13],与非小细胞肺癌、直肠癌、导管腺癌等疾病密切相关[10] [14]-[16]

基于上述背景,clk2被发现参与了多种肿瘤的发生进程。然而,目前仍缺乏关键的研究证实clk2参与了结肠腺癌的进展。为此,我们期望通过生物信息学预测和分子生物学实验的方式,鉴定clk2在结肠腺癌中的表达差异,以及它是否对结肠腺癌细胞的增殖和细胞周期调控相关。并且通过预测与clk2直接结合的下游靶点,预测其在结肠腺癌细胞中发挥的生物功能。

2. 方法

2.1. 数据来源

41例正常的结肠组织和480例结肠腺癌患者的结肠组织的转录组数据均来自于tcga公共数据库[17] [18]

2.2. 细胞系和细胞培养

人源正常结肠上皮细胞系(ncm460)和人结肠腺癌细胞系(sw480)均购自美国典型培养物保藏中心(atcc) (美国弗吉尼亚州马纳萨斯)。细胞培养条件为37℃,5%浓度的co2培养箱中培养。

2.3. 细胞转染

细胞密度达到50%~70%左右时,可进行转染clk2 sirna (origene cat#: sr416008)等操作,使用lipo3000试剂进行转染,具体操作为:离心管a加入125 µl 1640基础培养基和5 µl lipo3000试剂;离心管b加入125 µl 1640基础培养基和5 µl clk2 sirna或nc sirna。静置5 min后,将离心管a中的混合液加入离心管b中,吹打混匀。再度静置20 min后,加入细胞中。

2.4. rt-qpcr

收集ncm460或sw480细胞的总rna,反转录合成cdna,作为rt-qpcr的模板。以gapdh为内参,使用2-δδct法计算基因的相对表达量。引物序列为gapdh-f:5’-gtctcctctgacttcaacagcg-3’,gapdh-r:5’-accaccctgttgctgtagccaa-3’。clk2-f:5’-aatatttttaccggggtcgc-3’;clk2-r:5’-agccgcttagctggtt cata-3’。

2.5. western blot

使用pipa裂解液,pmsf,蛋白酶抑制剂(100:1:1)的比例配置的裂解液裂解细胞总蛋白。离心后加入1/5体积的5 × 蛋白上样loading,使用金属浴100℃ 10 min使蛋白变性。冷却后的蛋白可直接进行sds-page凝胶电泳。根据蛋白分子量的大小使用10%至12%浓度的凝胶。蛋白上样后,使用电压80 v开始电泳,直至最小分子量marker到达凝胶最底端。电泳结束后,使用湿法转膜。使用恒流270 ma,90 min的条件将蛋白质条带转印至激活的pvdf膜中上。随后使用5%的脱脂牛奶进行封闭处理。使用的一抗分别为β-actin (abclonal ac026),ccnd1 (zenbio r380999),pcna (zenbio r25294),孵育条件为室温孵育2 h。随后孵育二抗室温1 h。最后使用ecl发光液显影。

2.6. edu实验

本实验试剂盒购买自美伦生物(ma0425-1)。将sw480细胞种在6孔板中,随后转染nc-clk2和sirna-clk2。转染完成后,加入1 × edu工作液孵育1 h,随后洗脱进行细胞固定和通透操作。操作结束后每孔加入500 μl click反应液,孵育30 min。最后使用hoechst溶液进行细胞核染色。最后使用荧光显微镜观察并拍摄。

2.7. 蛋白互作网络

使用string数据库分析预测clk2基因的相关基因,随后将获得的基因与clk2基因按照相关性强度绘制图谱[19]

2.8. 数据分析

clk2基因在各阶段结肠腺癌患者中的表达分析使用wilcoxon符号秩检验和wilcoxon秩和检验。本实验采用graphpad prism 8.0软件进行柱状图绘制及数据分析,测定结果以平均值 ± 标准误(mean ± sem)表示。以p < 0.05为差异性显著,*为p < 0.05,**为p < 0.01,***为p < 0.001。

3. 结果

3.1. clk2在各种肿瘤组织中的表达情况分析

为了进一步检测clk2在其他肿瘤组织中的表达情况,在atcg数据库中筛选出了健康与膀胱癌,食管癌,胰腺癌等肿瘤疾病组织的数据库,对clk2作了表达分析。显示clk2在结肠腺癌,肾上腺皮质癌,肾嫌色细胞癌,前列腺癌,直肠腺癌,甲状腺癌等疾病中表达升高(见图1(a)图1(b))。

两组测序数据都显示,clk2在结肠腺癌组织中的表达升高情况非常显著,于是初步认定clk2可能是结肠腺癌治疗的潜在靶点。

3.2. 随着结肠腺癌患者的疾病程度clk2的表达升高

通过对结肠腺癌患者的疾病状态进一步分类。根据临床状态将患者分结肠腺癌分为第一、二、三、四阶段,其中第一阶段为前期,疾病症状较轻。第二三四阶段,结肠腺癌患者疾病程度加重,更加危险。于是,对各阶段结肠腺癌患者组织中的clk2表达水平进行分析,结果表明疾病程度越重,clk2的表达就越多(见图2(a))。此外,我们还对结肠腺癌的t分期做了检测,结果也显示clk2随着癌症的加重发生了升高(见图2(b))。这表明,clk2的高表达与结肠腺癌患者的临床相关性显著。

(a)

(b)

figure 1. analysis of clk2 expression in different tumor tissues. (a) the expression of clk2 in different tumor tissues was analyzed over the timer database. (b) clk2 expression in different tumor tissues was analyzed by gepia database

1. clk2在不同肿瘤组织中的表达情况分析。(a) 通过timer数据库分析clk2在不同肿瘤组织中的表达情况;(b) 通过gepia数据库分析clk2在不同肿瘤组织中的表达情况。*p < 0.05;**p < 0.01;**p < 0.001

figure 2. clinical correlation between clk2 expression levels and various stages of colon adenocarcinoma. (a) pathologic staging (early and mid-late stages). (b) t stage

2. clk2的表达水平与结肠腺癌各个时期的临床相关性。(a) 病理分期(早期和中晚期);(b) t分期。*p < 0.05;**p < 0.01

3.3. 结肠腺癌细胞中clk2表达升高

为了进一步证实clk2与结肠腺癌之间的关系,通过使用人正常结肠上皮细胞系ncm和结肠腺癌细胞系sw480。采用rt-qpcr的手段检测两组细胞中clk2的表达情况(见图3(a)图3(b))。结果显示,结肠腺癌细胞中clk2的表达远高于正常结肠上皮细胞,差异性显著。

figure 3. clk2 expression level assay in healthy and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. (a) rt-qpcr method was used to detect the expression level of clk2 in ncm460 and sw480 cell. (b) western blot method was used to detect the expression level of clk2 in ncm460 and sw480 cell

3. clk2在健康与结肠腺癌细胞系中的表达水平检测。(a) rt-qpcr方法检测ncm460和sw480细胞系中clk2的表达水平。(b) western blot方法检测ncm460和sw480细胞系中clk2的表达水平。***p < 0.001

3.4. 敲低clk2抑制结肠腺癌细胞的增殖与细胞周期

为了探究clk2与结肠腺癌细胞的增殖和细胞周期等细胞功能是否相关,购买了clk2的成品sirna,用于在细胞中降低clk2的表达。结果表明,clk2 sirna在sw480中能够显著降低clk2的表达(见图4(a))。随后,在clk2 sirna的条件下检测细胞增殖相关marker (pcna)和细胞周期关键marker (ccnd1)的表达情况。结果显示,在clk2表达显著下调的情况下,pcna和ccnd1的表达都呈现下降趋势(见图4(b))。随后的edu实验也检测到敲低clk2能够抑制结肠腺癌细胞的增殖。这表明clk2能够显著抑制细胞增殖和细胞周期的进程,对缓解肿瘤的发生是有益的。

3.5. clk2的互作蛋白分析

为了探究clk2通过何种方式参与了结肠腺癌细胞的进程,我们采用string工具分析了与clk2可能存在相互作用的蛋白(见图5)。筛选出来多个基因,例如clk3,clk1,srsf12,snip1,acin1等基因。这说明clk2可能会影响结肠腺癌细胞细胞周期,炎症,迁移等重要的细胞功能[20]-[24]

figure 4. effect of clk2 on colon adenocarcinoma cell function. (a) western blot method to detect the knockdown efficiency of sirna-clk2 in sw480 cells. (b) western blot method to detect the effects on cell cycle and apoptosis of sw480 cells after knockdown of clk2. (c) edu method to detect changes in sw480 cell proliferation after knockdown of clk2

4. clk2对结肠腺癌细胞功能的影响。(a) western blot方法检测sw480细胞中sirna-clk2的敲低效率。(b) western blot方法检测敲低clk2后对sw480细胞细胞周期和凋亡的影响。(c) edu方法检测敲低clk2后sw480细胞增殖的变化

figure 5. clk2-associated protein-protein interaction network

5. clk2相关的蛋白–蛋白互作网络

4. 讨论

结肠腺癌是结肠中最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,通过插入结肠镜检查结肠内部,能够直接观察病变,这是早期发现结肠腺癌的金标准[25] [26]。然而早期患者症状并不显著,难以发现。因此开发新式的生物标志物用于指示结肠腺癌的诊断水平很有必要。在此前的研究中,clk2被证明在结直肠癌中呈现出高表达的情况[14]。然而,本研究更注重于clk2在结肠腺癌中的表达情况,而不是所有的肠道系统的癌症。在本研究中clk2的表达水平随结肠腺癌的疾病发展而变化,利用tcga数据库探讨了clk2在结肠腺癌组织中各阶段的表达情况,随着结肠腺癌疾病程度的加深,clk2的表达随之升高。随后在正常与结肠腺癌细胞系中检测clk2的表达情况,证明相比于正常细胞,结肠腺癌细胞中clk2的表达明显升高。并且通过sirna的方式在结肠腺癌细胞中降低clk2的表达后,癌细胞的细胞周期和增殖被抑制,这表明clk2是一个促进肿瘤发生的基因。采用相应的方式降低患者癌变组织clk2的表达可能成为治疗结肠腺癌的新方式[27] [28]

通过对tgca公共数据库发布的数据进行分析,发现clk2在结肠腺癌患者中表达显著增加,还通过rt-qpcr和western blot实验在sw480细胞系中检测到了相应的结果[29]。此外,生物信息学数据分析显示,clk2的高表达与结肠腺癌的t分期和病理分期呈现较强的相关性。随着疾病程度的加重,clk2的表达呈现上升的趋势[30] [31]。通过上述结果可以推断clk2高表达会导致结肠腺癌患者的预后较差。最后分析了可能与clk2基因具有强相关作用的多个基因,类似clk3,clk1,srsf12,snip1,acin1等等。clk1和clk3在调节细胞周期方面发挥重要作用,对细胞的增殖等有显著的调控作用,snip1会调控细胞的迁移等等[12] [32]。这些基因与肿瘤细胞的繁殖和侵袭高度相关,并且在胰腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌等疾病中也检测到这些基因显著的表达差异。例如,clk1通过介导srsf5促进胰腺癌的生长和转移,clk3通过重编程核苷酸代谢抑制胆管癌的进展,snip1上调c-myc的表达促进肺癌的迁移和侵袭等,acin1通过可变剪切机制减少直肠癌的发展。

我们的研究有一些局限性,缺乏临床以及动物水平的确凿证据支持所得的结论。此外,我们从公共数据库获取了数据,这可能会因为样本来源问题、数据偏好性等问题导致结论有偏差。尽管如此,clk2仍非常有希望作为结肠腺癌的生物标志物以及潜在的治疗靶点,本研究对这一结论进行了初步探索,为后续更加深入的研究奠定了基础。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金面上项目(82370425)。

notes

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] sung, h., ferlay, j., siegel, r.l., laversanne, m., soerjomataram, i., jemal, a., et al. (2021) global cancer statistics 2020: globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. ca: a cancer journal for clinicians, 71, 209-249.
[2] liu, p., wang, y., yang, g., zhang, q., meng, l., xin, y., et al. (2021) the role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis. pharmacological research, 165, article id: 105420.
[3] kanani, a., veen, t. and søreide, k. (2021) neoadjuvant immunotherapy in primary and metastatic colorectal cancer. british journal of surgery, 108, 1417-1425.
[4] aldahhan, r., almohazey, d. and khan, f.a. (2022) emerging trends in the application of gold nanoformulations in colon cancer diagnosis and treatment. seminars in cancer biology, 86, 1056-1065.
[5] feng, y., yuan, q., newsome, r.c., robinson, t., bowman, r.l., zuniga, a.n., et al. (2023) hematopoietic-specific heterozygous loss of dnmt3a exacerbates colitis-associated colon cancer. journal of experimental medicine, 220, e20230011.
[6] gu, l., liu, y., jiang, c., sun, l. and zhou, h. (2020) identification and clinical validation of metastasis-associated biomarkers based on large-scale samples in colon-adenocarcinoma. pharmacological research, 160, article id: 105087.
[7] morita, r., hirohashi, y., torigoe, t., ito-inoda, s., takahashi, a., mariya, t., et al. (2016) olfactory receptor family 7 subfamily c member 1 is a novel marker of colon cancer-initiating cells and is a potent target of immunotherapy. clinical cancer research, 22, 3298-3309.
[8] miller, k.d., nogueira, l., devasia, t., mariotto, a.b., yabroff, k.r., jemal, a., et al. (2022) cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2022. ca: a cancer journal for clinicians, 72, 409-436.
[9] zhou, j., foroughi pour, a., deirawan, h., daaboul, f., aung, t.n., beydoun, r., et al. (2023) integrative deep learning analysis improves colon adenocarcinoma patient stratification at risk for mortality. ebiomedicine, 94, article id: 104726.
[10] liu, b., kong, x., wang, r., et al. (2021) clk2 promotes occurrence and development of non-small cell lung cancer. journal of buon, 26, 58-64.
[11] elhady, a.k., el‐gamil, d.s., abadi, a.h., abdel‐halim, m. and engel, m. (2022) an overview of cdc2‐like kinase 1 (clk1) inhibitors and their therapeutic indications. medicinal research reviews, 43, 343-398.
[12] zhou, q., lin, m., feng, x., ma, f., zhu, y., liu, x., et al. (2020) targeting clk3 inhibits the progression of cholangiocarcinoma by reprogramming nucleotide metabolism. journal of experimental medicine, 217, e20191779.
[13] jiang, n., bénard, c.y., kébir, h., shoubridge, e.a. and hekimi, s. (2003) human clk2 links cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and telomere length regulation. journal of biological chemistry, 278, 21678-21684.
[14] lin, j., lin, g., chen, b., yuan, j. and zhuang, y. (2022) clk2 expression is associated with the progression of colorectal cancer and is a prognostic biomarker. biomed research international, 2022, article id: 7250127.
[15] li, t., jin, k., zhou, h., liao, z., zhang, h., shi, s., et al. (2023) deubiquitinating pabpc1 by usp10 upregulates clk2 translation to promote tumor progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. cancer letters, 576, article id: 216411.
[16] deshmukh, v., o’green, a.l., bossard, c., seo, t., lamangan, l., ibanez, m., et al. (2019) modulation of the wnt pathway through inhibition of clk2 and dyrk1a by lorecivivint as a novel, potentially disease-modifying approach for knee osteoarthritis treatment. osteoarthritis and cartilage, 27, 1347-1360.
[17] blum, a., wang, p. and zenklusen, j.c. (2018) snapshot: tcga-analyzed tumors. cell, 173, 530.
[18] luo, m., zhao, c., zhao, y., wang, y. and li, p. (2024) identification of homer protein homolog 3 as a prognostic marker of colon adenocarcinoma. heliyon, 10, e33344.
[19] szklarczyk, d., gable, a.l., lyon, d., junge, a., wyder, s., huerta-cepas, j., et al. (2018) string v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. nucleic acids research, 47, d607-d613.
[20] yu, b., su, j., shi, q., liu, q., ma, j., ru, g., et al. (2022) kmt5a-methylated snip1 promotes triple-negative breast cancer metastasis by activating yap signaling. nature communications, 13, article no. 2192.
[21] zhang, y., li, q., liu, h., tang, h., yang, h., wu, d., et al. (2023) mkrn1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by activating the tgf-β signalling pathway through snip1 protein degradation. journal of experimental & clinical cancer research, 42, article no. 219.
[22] wilton, j., de mendonça, f.l., pereira-castro, i., tellier, m., nojima, t., costa, a.m., et al. (2023) pro-inflammatory polarization and colorectal cancer modulate alternative and intronic polyadenylation in primary human macrophages. frontiers in immunology, 14, article id: 1182525.
[23] tang, y., ni, a., sun, l., li, s. and li, g. (2024) analysis of the upregulated expression mechanism of apoptotic chromatin condensation inducer 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma based on bioinformatics. turkish journal of gastroenterology, 35, 307-315.
[24] ma, y., gao, f. and liu, y. (2024) clk3 positively promoted colorectal cancer proliferation by activating il-6/stat3 signaling. experimental cell research, 440, article id: 114132.
[25] jang, j.y. (2014) bowel preparations as quality indicators for colonoscopy. world journal of gastroenterology, 20, 2746-2750.
[26] berry, e., hostetter, j., bachtold, j., zamarripa, s. and argenbright, k.e. (2024) evaluating colonoscopy quality by performing provider type. jnci: journal of the national cancer institute, 116, 1264-1269.
[27] lu, j., annunziata, f., sirvinskas, d., omrani, o., li, h., rasa, s.m.m., et al. (2022) establishment and evaluation of module-based immune-associated gene signature to predict overall survival in patients of colon adenocarcinoma. journal of biomedical science, 29, article no. 81.
[28] estevez-garcia, p., lopez-calderero, i., molina-pinelo, s., muñoz-galvan, s., salinas, a., gomez-izquierdo, l., et al. (2013) spinophilin loss correlates with poor patient prognosis in advanced stages of colon carcinoma. clinical cancer research, 19, 3925-3935.
[29] gan, b., he, r., zhang, y., wei, d., hu, x. and chen, g. (2018) downregulation of hoxa3 in lung adenocarcinoma and its relevant molecular mechanism analysed by rt-qpcr, tcga and in silico analysis. international journal of oncology, 53, 1557-1579.
[30] pei, j., zhao, z., sun, z., gu, w., zhu, j., zhu, j., et al. (2022) development and validation of a novel classification scheme for combining pathological t stage and log odds of positive lymph nodes for colon cancer. european journal of surgical oncology, 48, 228-236.
[31] li, x., he, s. and ma, b. (2020) autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in cancer. molecular cancer, 19, article no. 12.
[32] zhong, y., yang, l., xiong, f., he, y., tang, y., shi, l., et al. (2021) long non-coding rna afap1-as1 accelerates lung cancer cells migration and invasion by interacting with snip1 to upregulate c-myc. signal transduction and targeted therapy, 6, article no. 240.
为你推荐
凯发国际一触即发的友情链接
网站地图